WHAT IS HEPATITIS B?

Understanding Hepatitis B Basics

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and can lead to both acute and chronic conditions, depending on the individual's immune response. Acute hepatitis B typically resolves within six months, while chronic hepatitis B persists for more than six months and can cause long-term damage to the liver.

What Causes Hepatitis B?

The primary cause of hepatitis B is the hepatitis B virus (HBV). This virus spreads through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. HBV is highly contagious but, fortunately, there are effective vaccines and preventive measures available to protect against infection.

Symptoms of Hepatitis B Explained

The symptoms of hepatitis B can vary widely among individuals. Some people may experience no symptoms at all, while others might have flu-like symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, acute hepatitis B can lead to liver failure.

How Is Hepatitis B Transmitted?

Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids such as semen and vaginal secretions. Common routes of transmission include:

• Blood transfusions: Before screening for HBV became routine, this was a common route.
• Unprotected sex: Engaging in sexual activities with an infected partner increases the risk.
• Needle sharing: Sharing needles or syringes contaminated with blood can transmit the virus.
• Mother-to-child transmission: Infants born to mothers with HBV are at high risk of infection if preventive measures are not taken.

Who's at Risk for Hepatitis B?

Certain groups have a higher risk of contracting hepatitis B:

• Healthcare workers: Those who work in healthcare settings and come into contact with blood or bodily fluids.
• Injection drug users: Sharing needles increases the likelihood of infection.
• Individuals with multiple sexual partners: Engaging in unprotected sex raises the risk significantly.
• Babies born to infected mothers: Without preventive measures, newborns are highly susceptible.

Preventing Hepatitis B Infection

The best way to prevent hepatitis B is through vaccination. The vaccine provides long-lasting protection against HBV and can be administered as part of routine immunizations for infants or adults at risk. Additionally, practicing safe sex and avoiding the use of contaminated needles are crucial preventive measures.

Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Tests

Diagnosing hepatitis B involves blood tests to detect the presence of HBV antigens (proteins) and antibodies in your bloodstream. Common diagnostic tests include:

• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Detects current infection.
• Anti-HBs or Hepatitis B surface antibody: Indicates immunity due to vaccination or past infection and recovery.
• HBeAg (Hepatitis B e-antigen): Indicates high viral activity and infectivity.

Treating Chronic Hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B is managed rather than cured, with the goal of reducing liver damage. Treatment options include:

• Antiviral medications: These drugs suppress HBV replication and reduce viral load.
• Liver transplant: In severe cases where the liver is damaged beyond repair, a transplant may be necessary.

Living with Hepatitis B

People living with chronic hepatitis B can maintain a healthy lifestyle by:

• Avoiding alcohol and drugs that harm the liver.
• Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains.
• Regular exercise to support overall health.
• Scheduling regular check-ups with healthcare providers for monitoring and management of the condition.

Hepatitis B Vaccine: Everything You Need to Know

The hepatitis B vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection. It consists of three doses administered over six months, typically given at 0, 1, and 6 months after the initial dose. The vaccine provides lifelong immunity for many individuals.

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

• Newborns: Administered within hours of birth.
• Children not vaccinated at birth.
• Healthcare workers and public safety personnel.
• Individuals with multiple sexual partners.
• People who inject drugs.

Vaccine Side Effects

The hepatitis B vaccine is generally safe, but some individuals may experience mild side effects such as soreness at the injection site or fever. Severe reactions are rare.

Managing Hepatitis B During Pregnancy

Pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B need special care to prevent transmission to their infants:

• Vaccination for newborns: Administering the first dose of the vaccine within 12 hours after birth.
• HBIG (Hepatitis B immune globulin): Given along with the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine to provide immediate protection.
• Counseling and support: Pregnant women should receive counseling on safe practices during pregnancy and after delivery.

Conclusion

Hepatitis B is a serious but preventable condition that requires awareness, proper diagnosis, and effective management. By understanding the basics of hepatitis B, knowing how it spreads, recognizing symptoms early, and taking preventive measures like vaccination, individuals can protect themselves and their loved ones from this viral infection.